{
  "version": "1.0",
  "schema": "https://entitymap.org/spec/v1.0",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "ChinaManufacturers.com",
    "url": "https://chinamanufacturers.com"
  },
  "generated": "2026-07-02T00:00:00Z",
  "entities": [
    {
      "entityId": "e_001",
      "@type": "Concept",
      "name": "Incoterms",
      "description": "Standardized three-letter trade terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce that define exactly where cost and risk transfer from seller to buyer in an international shipment.",
      "sameAs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incoterms",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_001",
          "text": "Incoterms are standardized three-letter terms that define exactly where cost and risk transfer from seller to buyer. Getting the wrong Incoterm into a purchase agreement is a common, avoidable source of disputes.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/glossary/incoterms-explained/",
          "pageTitle": "Incoterms Explained | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_002",
      "@type": "Concept",
      "name": "FOB (Free On Board)",
      "description": "An Incoterm under which the seller delivers goods loaded onto the shipping vessel at the named port of origin and handles export clearance; risk transfers to the buyer once goods are on board.",
      "sameAs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOB_(shipping)",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_002",
          "text": "FOB is one of the most common terms in China sourcing because it draws a clean, well-understood line at the origin port, letting the buyer control their own freight forwarder and customs broker relationships.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/glossary/incoterms-explained/",
          "pageTitle": "Incoterms Explained | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_003",
      "@type": "Concept",
      "name": "Letter of Credit (L/C)",
      "description": "A bank-issued payment guarantee that releases funds to the seller only once specified documentation proving shipment occurred as agreed is presented.",
      "sameAs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_credit",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_003",
          "text": "A Letter of Credit is more secure than a straight wire transfer but more complex and costly to set up, releasing funds only once specified shipping documentation is presented to the bank.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/glossary/common-sourcing-terms/",
          "pageTitle": "Common China Sourcing Terms Glossary | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_004",
      "@type": "Concept",
      "name": "De Minimis Exemption",
      "description": "A US customs provision under Section 321 of the Tariff Act of 1930 that historically allowed shipments valued under $800 to enter duty-free with minimal formal processing.",
      "sameAs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_minimis",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_004",
          "text": "The de minimis exemption no longer applies to China and Hong Kong-origin merchandise, effective May 2, 2025. Postal shipments now face duty of 120% of declared value or a flat per-item fee.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/tariffs/de-minimis-rules/",
          "pageTitle": "De Minimis Rules for Low-Value China Shipments | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_005",
      "@type": "Concept",
      "name": "Landed Cost",
      "description": "The total cost of a shipment once it reaches the buyer, including product cost, freight, insurance, and all applicable duties — the figure that determines real sourcing economics, not headline tariff rates alone.",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_005",
          "text": "Landed cost is the number that matters more than any single headline tariff rate: full landed cost, not headline rate, should drive sourcing decisions once freight, duty, and inspection costs are included.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/tariffs/",
          "pageTitle": "Tariffs & Landed Cost | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ],
      "relations": [
        {
          "predicate": "INCLUDES",
          "targetName": "Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974",
          "targetId": "e_021"
        },
        {
          "predicate": "INCLUDES",
          "targetName": "Section 122 Global Tariff",
          "targetId": "e_023"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_006",
      "@type": "Concept",
      "name": "Trading Company",
      "description": "A company that sources from one or more factories and resells to buyers, rather than manufacturing directly — distinct from a manufacturer, though sometimes misrepresented as one.",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_006",
          "text": "A trading company doesn't manufacture anything — it sources from one or more factories and resells to buyers, usually at a markup, often without disclosing that it isn't the factory.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/sourcing/how-to-find-a-manufacturer-in-china/",
          "pageTitle": "How to Find a Manufacturer in China | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_007",
      "@type": "Concept",
      "name": "China+1 Sourcing Strategy",
      "description": "A sourcing strategy where a buyer keeps some production in China but adds at least one additional country to reduce tariff exposure and supply-chain concentration risk.",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_007",
          "text": "China+1 describes a sourcing strategy where a buyer keeps some production in China but adds at least one additional country to reduce tariff exposure or supply-chain concentration risk, or both.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/sourcing/china-plus-one-alternatives/",
          "pageTitle": "China+1 Sourcing Alternatives | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ],
      "relations": [
        {
          "predicate": "LEADS_TO",
          "targetName": "Reduced Tariff Exposure",
          "confidence": "declared"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_008",
      "@type": "Taxonomy",
      "name": "Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS)",
      "description": "The US-specific 10-digit classification system, built on the international 6-digit Harmonized System, that Customs and Border Protection uses to determine duty rates on imported goods.",
      "sameAs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonized_System",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_008",
          "text": "Your HTS code isn't just a label — it's the single factor that determines your base duty rate and whether Section 301, Section 232, or other additional tariffs apply at all.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/glossary/hts-codes-explained/",
          "pageTitle": "HTS Codes Explained | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_009",
      "@type": "Metric",
      "name": "Acceptable Quality Level (AQL)",
      "description": "A statistical sampling standard used in quality inspections that defines how many defects in a random sample are tolerable before a shipment is considered to have failed inspection.",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_009",
          "text": "Most inspections use an AQL sampling plan: the inspector examines a statistically representative random sample sized to the order quantity, and the shipment passes or fails based on defects found relative to a pre-agreed threshold.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/resources/quality-inspection-companies/",
          "pageTitle": "Quality Inspection Companies | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_010",
      "@type": "Methodology",
      "name": "Factory Audit",
      "description": "The due-diligence process of verifying a Chinese manufacturer's business legitimacy, production capability, quality systems, and compliance before committing to a purchase order.",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_010",
          "text": "A factory audit confirms the things a supplier's marketing materials can't: that the company is legally registered, that it actually manufactures the product, and that its quality systems meet specification consistently.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/sourcing/factory-audit-checklist/",
          "pageTitle": "Factory Audit Checklist | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ],
      "relations": [
        {
          "predicate": "PREVENTS",
          "targetName": "Bait-and-Switch Quality Fraud"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_011",
      "@type": "Standard",
      "name": "ISO 9001",
      "description": "An internationally recognized quality management system standard, commonly used as a general baseline certification when vetting a Chinese manufacturer's quality systems.",
      "sameAs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9000_family",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_011",
          "text": "Relevant certifications for a factory audit include ISO 9001 as the general quality-management baseline, alongside product-specific certifications like CE, FCC, or CPSIA depending on the category.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/sourcing/factory-audit-checklist/",
          "pageTitle": "Factory Audit Checklist | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_012",
      "@type": "Organization",
      "name": "Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR)",
      "description": "The US federal agency that investigates foreign trade practices under Section 301 authority and administers the resulting tariff programs on Chinese goods.",
      "sameAs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_012",
          "text": "Section 301 tariffs on China trace back to a 2017-2018 USTR investigation into Chinese intellectual property and technology-transfer practices, resulting in escalating rounds of additional duties starting in 2018.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/tariffs/section-301-explained/",
          "pageTitle": "Section 301 Tariffs Explained | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_013",
      "@type": "Organization",
      "name": "United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP)",
      "description": "The US federal agency responsible for classifying imports, collecting duties, and licensing customs brokers to represent importers in customs matters.",
      "sameAs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Customs_and_Border_Protection",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_013",
          "text": "A customs broker is licensed by CBP to prepare and submit the documentation needed to clear imported goods, calculate and remit duties, and represent importers in dealings with CBP.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/resources/customs-brokers/",
          "pageTitle": "Customs Brokers: What They Do and How to Choose One | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_014",
      "@type": "Organization",
      "name": "World Customs Organization (WCO)",
      "description": "The intergovernmental organization that maintains the international 6-digit Harmonized System on which country-specific tariff schedules, including the US HTS, are built.",
      "sameAs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Customs_Organization",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_014",
          "text": "The Harmonized Tariff Schedule is a US-specific 10-digit extension of the 6-digit international Harmonized System maintained by the World Customs Organization, which most countries use as the basis for their own tariff schedules.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/glossary/hts-codes-explained/",
          "pageTitle": "HTS Codes Explained | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_015",
      "@type": "Place",
      "name": "China",
      "description": "The country of origin for the manufacturers, tariff exposure, and trade-compliance topics covered throughout this site.",
      "sameAs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_015",
          "text": "ChinaManufacturers.com provides practical guidance on sourcing from Chinese manufacturers, covering the sourcing process end to end: finding and vetting a factory, contracts, negotiation, fraud prevention, and tariffs.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/about/",
          "pageTitle": "About | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_016",
      "@type": "Place",
      "name": "Vietnam",
      "description": "The most established China+1 sourcing alternative, particularly for electronics assembly, furniture, and apparel manufacturing.",
      "sameAs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_016",
          "text": "Vietnam is the most established China+1 alternative, particularly for electronics assembly, furniture, and apparel, with a manufacturing base that has had a decade to mature under prior tariff cycles.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/sourcing/china-plus-one-alternatives/",
          "pageTitle": "China+1 Sourcing Alternatives | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_017",
      "@type": "Service",
      "name": "Customs Broker",
      "description": "A service provider licensed by CBP to classify goods, calculate duties, file entry documentation, and represent importers in customs matters.",
      "sameAs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_broker",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_017",
          "text": "Since the elimination of de minimis treatment for China-origin goods in 2025, formal entry — and therefore a licensed customs broker — is now required for many shipments that used to clear informally.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/resources/customs-brokers/",
          "pageTitle": "Customs Brokers: What They Do and How to Choose One | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_018",
      "@type": "Service",
      "name": "Freight Forwarder",
      "description": "A service provider that arranges the physical movement of goods from factory to destination, booking freight, handling export documentation, and coordinating customs clearance.",
      "sameAs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_forwarder",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_018",
          "text": "A good freight forwarder is the difference between a shipment that clears smoothly and one that sits in a port sorting out a paperwork problem, arranging freight, documentation, and customs coordination.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/resources/freight-forwarders/",
          "pageTitle": "Freight Forwarders: What They Do and How to Choose One | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_019",
      "@type": "Service",
      "name": "Sourcing Agent",
      "description": "An independent representative, typically based in China, who finds factories, negotiates, inspects production, and manages local logistics on a buyer's behalf.",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_019",
          "text": "A sourcing agent is an independent representative, usually based in China, who finds factories, negotiates on your behalf, inspects production, and manages logistics locally.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/resources/sourcing-agents/",
          "pageTitle": "Sourcing Agents: What They Do and How to Vet One | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_020",
      "@type": "Service",
      "name": "Quality Inspection Company",
      "description": "A third-party service that sends an independent inspector to verify factory production matches a buyer's specification before goods ship.",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_020",
          "text": "A quality inspection company sends an independent inspector to a factory to verify that production matches specification, catching defects before a shipment leaves China rather than after it arrives.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/resources/quality-inspection-companies/",
          "pageTitle": "Quality Inspection Companies | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_021",
      "@type": "Regulation",
      "name": "Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974",
      "description": "US trade law authorizing the USTR to investigate and respond to unfair foreign trade practices; the legal basis for the primary tariffs applied to Chinese goods since 2018.",
      "sameAs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_301_of_the_Trade_Act_of_1974",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_021",
          "text": "The Federal Circuit upheld Section 301 Lists 3 and 4A in a September 2025 ruling, reinforcing that Section 301 rests on durable statutory authority, unlike IEEPA-based tariffs which the Supreme Court struck down in February 2026.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/tariffs/section-301-explained/",
          "pageTitle": "Section 301 Tariffs Explained | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ],
      "relations": [
        {
          "predicate": "PART_OF",
          "targetName": "Trade Act of 1974"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_022",
      "@type": "Regulation",
      "name": "Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962",
      "description": "US trade law allowing tariffs on imports deemed a threat to national security; the basis for elevated tariffs on steel, aluminum, and derivative products from China.",
      "sameAs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Expansion_Act",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_022",
          "text": "Section 232 tariffs on steel and aluminum products stack on top of Section 301 and baseline rates, pushing combined exposure on those categories to roughly 75-85% as of mid-2026.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/tariffs/2026-china-tariff-rates-by-category/",
          "pageTitle": "2026 China Tariff Rates by Category | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_023",
      "@type": "Regulation",
      "name": "Section 122 Global Tariff",
      "description": "A flat additional US tariff applied broadly across trading partners rather than specifically to China, signed in February 2026 on a limited term.",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_023",
          "text": "The Section 122 global 10% tariff was signed in February 2026 on a limited term; whether it's extended, modified, or allowed to lapse changes the total tariff stack for nearly every product category.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/tariffs/2026-china-tariff-rates-by-category/",
          "pageTitle": "2026 China Tariff Rates by Category | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_024",
      "@type": "Regulation",
      "name": "International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA)",
      "description": "US law granting the president emergency economic powers, used as legal basis for a set of China tariffs that the Supreme Court struck down in February 2026.",
      "sameAs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Emergency_Economic_Powers_Act",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_024",
          "text": "IEEPA-based tariffs were struck down by the Supreme Court on February 20, 2026, a meaningful legal distinction from Section 301 tariffs, which have consistently survived judicial review.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/tariffs/2026-china-tariff-rates-by-category/",
          "pageTitle": "2026 China Tariff Rates by Category | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_025",
      "@type": "Regulation",
      "name": "Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act",
      "description": "US law creating a rebuttable presumption that goods made wholly or in part in China's Xinjiang region are produced with forced labor and barred from importation.",
      "sameAs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_Forced_Labor_Prevention_Act",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_025",
          "text": "Buyers should confirm no indicators tie a facility to entities on restricted-party or forced-labor enforcement lists, worth checking directly given active US enforcement under the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/sourcing/factory-audit-checklist/",
          "pageTitle": "Factory Audit Checklist | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "entityId": "e_026",
      "@type": "Event",
      "name": "Canton Fair",
      "description": "A biannual trade fair held in Guangzhou, China, where buyers can meet factory representatives, see physical samples, and gauge production capability in person.",
      "sameAs": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_Fair",
      "hasChunks": [
        {
          "chunkId": "c_026",
          "text": "The Canton Fair, held each spring and fall in Guangzhou, remains one of the highest-signal ways to source, letting buyers meet factory representatives and see physical samples in person.",
          "sourceUrl": "https://chinamanufacturers.com/sourcing/how-to-find-a-manufacturer-in-china/",
          "pageTitle": "How to Find a Manufacturer in China | ChinaManufacturers.com",
          "publisher": "ChinaManufacturers.com"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}